脾位于中焦，膈之下，通过经络与胃相连，与胃相表里。在对脾的认识上，中医与西医有很大的不同。中医认为脾分为脾阴和脾阳，脾阴为物质结构，脾阳为功能，脾为消化系统的主要器官。脾非常重要，一方面运化水谷；另一方面还统血，因此能维持血液在脉管中运行，防止其从脉管中溢出。脾还是气血生化之源，正如中医所说的“脾为后天之本”。

    4. Liver 4.肝

    The liver is at the right hypochondriac region below the diaphragm in the upper abdomen. The liver and gallbladder make a pair of zang-fu. The liver meridian connects with the gallbladder to form an exteriorinterior relationship.

    肝位于腹上膈下，右胁之中。肝胆构成脏腑关系。肝经与胆经相连形成表里关系。

    People are apt to associate the livcr with its functions of storing blood and governing normal flow of qi. The former is concerned with the liver's capability in storing blood and regulating the blood volume. A certain amount of blood stored in the liver can restrict liver-yang hyperactivity so as to maintain the normal flow of qi. If the liver fails to function normally in storing blood. Such pathological changes as liver-blood deficiency or bleeding will occur. The liver also play a principal role in regulating the blood volume，especially the volume in the peripheral portion of the body. The latter, governing the normal flow of qi, is an important link in regulating qi movement, promoting the circulation of blood and body, as well as harmonizing emotional activities. The liver's another function is incarnated in its regulating emotional activities, promoting digestion and absorption and keeping qi and blood flowing normally. Besides the above, the liver are also closely related to the tendons, nails and the eyes. It has its specific body opening in the eyes and its outward manifestation on the nails.

    人们易于将肝与藏血和理气功能联系在一起。前者与肝的储藏血液和调节血量有关。肝内储藏一定的血量可以防止肝阳上亢从而维持气的正常运行。如果肝的藏血功能异常将会引起肝血虚或出血等病理改变。肝同样对血量的调节起作用，特别是外周血量。后者和维持气的正常运行有关，与气的运动、提高人体血液循环和调节情志有重要关系。肝的另外一个功能表现在调节情志活动、促进消化吸收和维持气的正常运行上。除此之外，肝与筋、爪和眼紧密联系。肝开窍于眼，其华在爪。

    5. kidney 5.肾

    The kidneys, situated in the lumbar zone, one on either side of the spinal column, store the congenital essence and are, therefore, considered as the "foundation of prenatal life". Their main physiological functions are: storing essence; dominating growth, development and reproduction; regulating water metabolism and receiving qi. The kidneys also take charge of the bone and manufacturc marrow. Meanwhile, the kidneys have their conditioias revealed on hairs and open into the ears and, the two"private parts"-urethra and anus. The kidneys' meridians connect with the urinary bladder, with which they are internally-externally related.

    肾位于腰部，脊柱两旁各一，储藏先天之精，因此被认为是“先天之本”。肾的主要生理功能为：藏精、促生长、主水、纳气。肾还司骨、髓。同时，肾其华在发，开窍与耳及两个隐秘部位—前后二阴。肾经与膀胱经相联系，构成表里关系。

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