中医的另一特色是辨证论治。“辨证”即综合分析相关的症状，因此辨证意味着将四诊收集到的症状加以分析和总结确定疾病的病理、病性、病位和邪正关系，从而确定疾病的证型。“论治”指的是根据辨证的结果选择相应的治疗。总的来说，辨证论治即在对症状的全面分析基础上进行诊治。

As concerns the relationship between "disease" and "treatment", TCM takes two different clinical ways on the basis of TDS. One is "treating the same disease with different therapies", by which is meant that the same disease may manifest itself in different syndromes at different stages or under different conditions. Therefore, the therapies of the same diease should be adopted towards different therapies according to the patient's constitution, the geographical environment, the climatic and seasonal changes. Take flu for example, it may be caused by wind-cold，wind-heat, summer-heat and dampness or other pathogens. So is advisable to adopt dispersing wind-cold, eliminating wind-heat, clearing away summer-heat and dampness respectively. The other is called "treating different diseases with the same therapy", by which is meant that different diseases manifesting themselves in the same syndrome may be treated with the same therapy. For example prolapse of the rectum due to protracted diarrhea and hysteroptosis are two different diseases. However, if they are both marked by themselves in the same syndrome of qi of sinking of the middle energizer, they can be treated in the same therapy by lifting qi of the middie energizer. From the above it becomes obvious that TCM does not focus its attention on similarities or dissimilarities between diseases but on the differences between the syndromes. Generally speaking, the same syndromes are treated with basically same therapies, while different syndromes with different ones.

关于疾病和治疗的关系，中医在辨证论治的基础上存在两种治疗途径。一种是“同病异治”，即同一疾病在不同环境、不同阶段下会显示出不同的证候，因此，对同一疾病应根据患者的体质、地理环境的不同和天气季节的变化采取不同的治疗措施。例如流感可以由风寒、风热、暑湿之邪造成，所以治疗应相应的采取祛风散寒、疏散风热和清暑化湿的方法。另一种是“异病同治”，即不同的疾病出现相同的证候可以采取相同的治疗。例如泻泄引起的脱肛和子宫下垂是两种不同的疾病，然而，如果它们都是以中焦之气下陷引起相同的证候为特征的话就可以采取相同的治疗——升提中焦之气。从以上，显而易见，中医并不是注重疾病之间的相似和不相似，而是重视证候的相同与否。总而言之，相同的证候采取相同的治疗方法，不同的证候采取不同的治疗方法。

总之，原则是在疾病的发展过程中不同的本质矛盾应采取不同的方法，这就是辨证论治的核心。