Part Nine:THE ROOT OF LIFE-Qi

    According to the sources, functions and distributions, qi is divided into four types: primordial ( yuan qi), genuine qi (zhenqi) , pectoral qi (zong qi) , nutritive qi( ying qi) and defensive qi(wei ai) .

    根据根源、功能和分布，可以将气分为四类：元气、真气、宗气、营气和卫气。

    l . Primordial qi, also known as genuine qi (zhen qi) is the most important of the four kinds of qi. It is the primary motive force of life activities. Primordial qi derives from the congenital essence stored in the kidney, and depends on the acquired essence regenerated by the spleen and stomach. The book Miraculous Pivot makes it clear by saying, "Genuine qi (Zhen qi) is inherited from heaven ( the parents) and combined with cereal essence to replenish the body."

    1.元气，也叫做真气是四种气中最重要的一种。它是人体活动的原动力。元气源于先天之精，储藏于肾中，依赖脾胃化生的后天之精滋养。《灵枢》中明确说：“ 真气者，所受于天，与谷气并而充身者也.。”

    2. Pectoral qi is formed from a combination of the fresh air inhaled by the lung and the cereal essence conveyed by the spleen and stornach. Pectoral qi performs two main functions. One is traveling through the respiratory tract to prormote respiration and the sufficiency or insufficiency of pectoral qi influences the conditions the voice. speech or breath and so on. The other is running through the heart-meridians to promote the circulation of qi and blood. The vicissitude of Pectoral qi is related to the flow of qi and blood, the body temperature and the activities of the trunk and limbs, the visual and aural perceptibility, as well as the strength and rhythm of the heart beat.

  2.宗气由肺吸入的清气和脾胃化生的谷气混合而成。宗气主要执行两种功能。一种是走息道以行呼吸,宗气的充足与否会影响到声音、言语和呼吸的状态。另一种是贯心脉以行气血,宗气的充足与否与气血的运行、体温、四肢活动、视觉、听觉能力以及心脏搏动的力量和节律有关。

    3.Nutritive qi is the qi that circulates together with blood in the vessels. Nutritive qi originates from the pure part of cereal essence transformed by the spleen and stomach and bears responsibility for the blood production and the nutrition of the whole body. Nutritive qi is considered as yin, so it is also called nutritive yin ( ying-yin) .

   3.营气是与血共同运行脉中的气。营气源于脾胃运化的水谷精微的纯净部分，并承担着血液的产生和濡养全身的职责。营气属于阴，所以也称作营阴。

    4 . Defensive qi, like nutritive qi, comes from cereal essence,but, unlike nutritive qi, it runs outside the blood vessels. Defensive qi has the following functions: protecting the body surface against exogenous pathogens, controlling the opening and closing of the pores, adjusting the excretion of sweat, warming and nourishing the zang-fu organs. muscles and the skin with hairs, etc.,maintaining a relatively constant body temperature. It is given the name "defensive qi" precisely because of its antiexogenouspathogenic action. Defensive qi belongs to yang, so it has another name defensive yang ( wei-yang) ," which presents a strinking contrast with ying-yin as mentioned above.

   4.卫气，如营气一般，来自水谷精微，但是却行于脉外，这与营气不同。卫气有以下功能：保护体表免受外邪侵犯，司毛孔的开合，调节汗液排泄，温养脏腑组织、肌肤毛发等和维持体温的恒定。“卫气”这一名字正是因为它有抗御外邪的功能。卫气属阳，所以别名叫“卫阳”,这正好与以上提及的营阴形成鲜明的对比。

    THE TYPES OF QI AND THEIR MOVEMENTS

    气的分型与运动

    Types of Qi

    Movement

    气的分型

    运动

    Yuan Qi(Primordial Qi) starting from between the two kidneys, passing through tri-energizer and circulating through the while body, inward to zang- and fu-organs and outward to the muscles and skin.

   元气

    始于两肾之间，行于三焦，周行全身，内至脏腑，外达肌肤。

    Zong Qi(Pectoral Qi) stored in the chest and poured into the meridians of the heart and the lung.

  宗气

    藏于胸中，注于心肺两经。

    Ying Qi(Nutritive Qi) originating from tri-energizer, entering the meridians by way of the lung, and circulating all over the body.

   营气

    源于三焦，由肺入脉，周行全身。

    Wei Qi(Defensive Qi circulating outside but leaning against the meridians, vaporized to the diaphragm and scattered in the chest, travelling between the skin and flesh.

   卫气

    行于脉外，上行至膈，散于胸中，周行肌表。

    Special phrases 特殊短语

    As the saying goes, As=in the way that，as the story goes/runs 或云；相传

    as the matter stands 照目前情形

    as the case may be 依照情况

    as things are 照此情况

    as things run 照通常顺序、情形、性质等

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